Principles Underpinning the Role of the Practitioner Essay

The standards supporting the job of the specialist working with kids Section 1 †Maintaining proficient connections in the multi-proficient group E1: Describe the obligation of the expert in proficient connections: â€Å"Professional,† implies participating in a given movement as a wellspring of employment. It additionally implies being a specialist and having or indicating incredible aptitude. Experts are bound to grow great associations with partners and kids on the off chance that they can show proficient principles. â€Å"Professional practice is the abilities that will be expected of you to create so as to work viably with youngsters. These incorporate understanding your job and duties, the capacity to set up and keep up great associations with youngsters and partners, and correspondence skills.† (Tassoni P, 2007:10) Being dependable implies that staff and kids start to depend on you, for instance specialists may design exercises or gatherings and anticipate th at you should be there to help or oversee kids. Solid methods doing what is anticipated from you and this can incorporate functioning as a group helping one another and being on schedule and genuine. It can likewise incorporate being dedicated and reliable as this shows your eagerness towards the activity job. It is essential to be dependable in light of the fact that youngsters can get appended to you and begin relying on you to be there. Promptness is essential in all employments however particularly when managing kids. It is essential to be on time reliably which shows you are devoted to your activity. A genuine case of this is a parent will be unable to leave for work until you show up in the setting, or a setting will most likely be unable to open if the correct proportion of staff is available. Adaptability is fundamental as professionals ought to be able to meet new thoughts and activities with transparency. They ought to have the option to adjust to various educators draws near and be adaptable about the hours that they work or assignments that are given to them. For instance, an expert can help with a Year 3 presentation on the off chance that they are continually workin g with gathering. This shows they can be useful just as active. Being a decent audience is profoundly significant while being a professional. Utilizing eye to eye connection and dropping yourself down to the child’s level will cause them to feel as though you are conversing with them and not at them which won't scare them. Specialists ought to be steady and non-critical. Genuine models incorporate rehashing back what the kid has said to show you are tuning in, remarking and posing further inquiries utilizing non-verbal communication; professionals ought not hinder or change the subject. â€Å"You need to show youngsters and youngsters that you are keen on what they need to state. By looking (not gazing) at a youngster or youngster, you give them that they have your complete consideration. Here and there, during a discussion, they may turn away or down and this might be an indication that what they are going to state might be awkward or hard for them.† (Tassoni P, 2007:139) (356 words) E3: Explain the estimation of a multi-proficient methodology when working with kids and guardians: Multi-proficient working requires individuals from various callings and organizations to cooperate towards addressing the necessities of the kid. There are an exceptionally enormous number of associations that help kids and their families that might be engaged with multi-organization working. So as to work adequately with different organizations, it is critical to have a comprehension of what they do and how they bolster each other. â€Å"†¦professionals can share information about the family’s needs with one another so guardians don't need to be asked the woman inquiries again and again. It additionally implies that experts know about each other’s job in supporting the family thus clashing exhortation or timings of arrangements can be minimised.† (Tassoni P, 2007:11) The advantages of a multi-proficient methodology incorporate guaranteeing that youngsters get additional help for instance a learning tutor or language instructor. The youngster is more secure when they are cared for by a group of experts since they can share every one of their interests and ability to help the kid. This methodology likewise supports children’s certainty inside the setting and advances an all encompassing methodology. It expands autonomy since youngsters are given methodologies from an assortment of experts who need the best result for the kid. The estimation of a multi-proficient methodology guarantees that the 5 results of Every Child Matters (remain safe, be solid, appreciate and accomplish, make a positive commitment and accomplish monetary prosperity) are being met in light of the fact that everybody is cooperating to share data and aptitudes. This data will limit the danger of mistake or disregard of the kid. The way that numerous experts are included implies that decisions made about kids are educated, careful and objective. For instance if a kid is disappointed and has a low fixation range, this would then be able to be broke down by an instructive clinician and further move can be made from that point. A multi-proficient methodology additionally underpins guardians. For instance a dietician can prompt guardians on the suggested admission for their youngster (5 every day). On the off chance that a youngster is diabetic, they can assist with planning a solid food intend to enable the kid to deal with their glucose levels. He/she can likewise connect the child’s diet with sports exercises and exhort guardians on the advantages. â€Å"There are numerous advantages for kids and families when this kind of approach is utilized as help, counsel and childcare can be customized to guarantee some coherence. By and by, this may imply that guardians might have the option to leave their youngsters in a nursery while in a similar structure or close by they go to a child rearing class or take a more youthful infant to the wellbeing clinic.† (Tassoni P, 2007:11) (314 words) Area 2 †Developing intelligent practice E4: Describe the advantages of creating intelligent practice inside the setting: Reflective practice is giving pivotal consideration to the reasonable qualities and speculations which educate regular activities, by inspecting practice brilliantly and emphatically. Intelligent practice can likewise mean understanding information on something emphatically. One of the advantages of intelligent practice is permitting schools to create mindfulness, a basic aptitude all together for a setting to flourish and push ahead. For instance, if specialists are just mindful of school approaches and not current enactments, kids are in danger and professionals are not doing as well as can be expected to advance their insight. â€Å"An significant piece of the intelligent cycle is the manner by which you audit your training. It is significant that the procedure of reflection is seen as positive procedure, instead of issues being viewed as obstructions to success.† (Tassoni P, 2007:229) Experts should know about current enactments so as to tail them to improve their setting and know about new activities, for instance considering children’s assessments which will cause them to feel esteemed and certain to learn. Exercises will be intriguing and youngsters are less inclined to lose fixation. Intelligent practice makes and successful staff group as perceptions are completed to enhance master counsel. There are open doors for individual and expert turn of events and employment fulfillment. This advantages youngsters since exercises and practice is assessed to meet the children’s needs and bolster learning. It likewise benefits the setting as there is greater arrangement since shortcomings, qualities, exercises and assets are tended to which at last is good for the youngsters. Ultimately, intelligent practice improves the notoriety of the setting since it could prompt a higher Ofsted report. A decent notoriety benefits the training since guardians believe in the setting and this rouses their kids to learn. Youngsters will want to come to class and buckle down, along these lines bringing about higher evaluations and kids accomplishing more which will keep up the great notoriety of the setting. (280 words) D1: Explain the significance of intelligent practice for improving your own presentation: As a professional, intelligent practice is critical as you can think back on a circumstance and make upgrades. You can likewise verify whether you are following the right methods. This permits the expert to develop and arrive at higher potential, at the end of the day make constant movement while looking into circumstances. Intelligent practice benefits the specialist since he/she can approve and challenge existing methodologies and techniques for working. Intelligent practice would assist me with finding out my qualities and shortcomings and to adjust into new circumstances that may happen. For instance, when dealing with a circumstance where another individual from staff joins the group, intelligent practice would assist me with finding out on the off chance that I have helped them to settle in, so as to manufacture a decent relationship. I would need to recollect and inquire as to whether I i nformed them about what to do in the setting. This would help improve associations with kids and staff. Intelligent practice would likewise assist me with identifying my preparation needs. For instance, if a youngster had got lost on a school trip, I would need to consider on the off chance that I followed the right strategies or in the event that I have to promote my insight in protecting to develop my own learning, execution, certainty and occupation fulfillment. Intelligent practice stays up with the latest with patterns and activities, which are useful for work advancements and prospective employee meetings. For instance, if exercises are redundant or uninteresting, being intelligent would urge me to research and get some answers concerning new patterns to keep the class charmed and give animating exercises. Moreover, intelligent practice demonstrates a pledge to needing to give a valiant effort and arrive at my maximum capacity. It is significant that I r

Defects of Education in India Free Essays

Training in its broadest, general sense is the methods through which the points and propensities for a gathering of individuals lives on starting with one age then onto the next. Instruction as a science can't be isolated from the instructive customs that existed previously. Grown-ups prepared the youthful of their general public in the information and abilities they would need to ace and in the long run pass on. We will compose a custom article test on Imperfections of Education in India or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now In pre-proficient social orders this was accomplished orally and through impersonation and narrating and so on . Oral language formed into composed images and letters. Tutoring in this sense was at that point set up in Egypt somewhere in the range of 3000 and 500BC The gurukula framework was the old arrangement of instruction. A gurukula is a sort of school in India, private in nature, with shishyas living in vicinity to the master, frequently inside a similar house. In a gurukul, shishyas dwell together as equivalents, regardless of their social standing, gain from the master and help the master in his everyday life. They didn't acknowledge charges ONLY ASMALL GURUDAKSHINA WHICH MAY NOT BE MONETARY. INDIA S ANCIENT GURUKUL SYSTEM IS WORTH EMULATING BY ALL INTERESTED IN IMPARTING EDUCATION. THE GURUKUL SYSTEMBRINGS A SENSE OF RESPECT AND COMMITMENT FROM THE TEACHERS AND THE STUDENTS Nalanda and Takshishila colleges were the most established college arrangement of training on the planet. Indian training endured an immense blow as Western instruction got imbued into Indian culture with the foundation of the British realm. the British so keenly played their cards that significantly following fifty years of autonomy we despite everything keep on existing in a condition of daze, incapable reluctant to remove ourselves from probably the best hypnos woven over an entire country. Indian educational plan is censured for being founded on repetition learning. Our current day training framework allows to imagination. It is marks , evaluations and rivalry as far as possible . It ought to instill great qualities in the psyches of understudies. Accentuation ought to likewise be given on physical and professional preparing. Educating of morals ought to be fused in the educational program directly from kindergarden through secondary school. Kids ought to be permitted to pick their own subjects acc. to their inclinations. They should be made to cooperate with one another in gatherings and express their perspectives on different points. Rather than taking notes from voluminous books , educators and so forth they should be made to get data without anyone else and share it with the class. This will assist them with developing great systematic abilities and perusing propensities . Kids must have handy experience . They can be taken on excursions to historical centers, labs, and so on where they can learn by associating with experienced individuals. Instruction is to pick up and share information. Sharing without correspondence is unthinkable. English ought not be prohibited at the essential level as it remains the worldwide language. Learning hindi, the national language and the state language helps in interior correspondence. The arrangement of Education in India should concentrate on learning and not tests. Shockingly Education has become a rewarding business wrecking the genuine reason for itself. The terrible nature of training in govt schools have given a push to the ascent of business instructing classes all over India. Understudies today barely consider being an instructor because of less perk†¦ numerous who are not really energetic about designing and medication are reading only for getting a fat pay and bundle alongside it. White collar class guardians pay what is requested by the training classes, this has alarmingly gone out to b an industry in our country. Measurably 25% of the Indian populace is uneducated, just 7% of the populace that goes to class figure out how to graduate and 15% figure out how to make it to secondary school. 80% of schools are overseen by the Govt. , tuition based schools are costly and far off for the poor Another purpose behind low quality of instruction is the low quality of instructors in government schools . Government schools can't pull in great quality instructors because of lacking showing offices and low compensations. To improve the nature of training , the administration needs to go through more cash from its coffers on instruction. The extremely basic part of Indian state funded training framework is its low quality. The real amount of tutoring that kids understanding and the nature of instructing they get are incredibly lacking in government schools. A typical component in all administration schools is the low quality of instruction, with powerless framework and lacking educational consideration. End School instructors SHOULD BE PAID significant compensations and, each care is to be taken that these educators continue overhauling. The legislature ought to understand that these are the individuals who shape their people in the future. All over India the prospectus must be same, since inclination happens between understudies. . To be honest it is imprudent to accept that a schedule comprising a touch of maths bit of science, expressions and writing is a secure method to instruct entire of India. Our current day arrangement of training can be patched up and changes consolidated by getting a gathering of experienced instructors from different pieces of our nation. The assignment is best done by them and not by a lot of lawmakers who don't have any preparation in instruction. Would like to see the Indian arrangement of instruction arrive at its apex as it did in old occasions! The most effective method to refer to Defects of Education in India, Papers

My Illinois New Years Resolutions

My Illinois New Year’s Resolutions With 2018 fast approaching and after reflecting on the past semester in my last blog post, I am so excited to take on the next semester. With a little bit of college completed now, I have a few things I think I could work on to make next semester even more successful than the Fall 2017 semester. After all, every new year is a chance for change, improvement, and new adventures. In college, theres plenty of room for all of that and more! If you’re a student, either currently studying at the University of Illinois or a high schooler still working away at your senior year, maybe you can relate to my Illinois New Year’s Resolutions in some ways, too! Without anymore delay, here are a few resolutions I hope to keep this year at the University of Illinois! 1. Take up exercising at Activities and Recreation Center (ARC) or Campus Recreation Center East (CRCE). 2. Study in any one of the university libraries more often. 3. Get a small job this spring 2018 semester. 4. Ride my bike or walk more often than I take a bus (when it gets warmer outside, of course!). 5. Don’t procrastinate on essays or large projects! 6. Get a reasonable amount of sleep every night. 7. Break assignments up into smaller, more enjoyable chunks. 8. Hang out with my new college friends more (I’ve missed them over winter break!). 9. Call home more often while I’m on campus (I loved being with my parents this winter break!). 10. Enjoy the Illini Union more often! These are just a few of the many New Year’s resolutions I have rolling around in my brain, of course! I have a good feeling about the upcoming semester. 2017 wasn’t a bad year, so I know 2018 will be fantastic. I hope everyone has a happy newyear and an awesome 2018. Hey, this was my last blog post of 2017. How cool! Until next time, I-L-L! Lydia Class of 2021 My major is Instrumental Music Education within the College of Fine and Applied Arts. I'm also part of the Marching Illini! Before moving to Urbana, I lived in Collinsville, Illinois, where we are known for some killer Italian food and the World’s Largest Catsup Bottle.

Dinosaur-Sized Prehistoric Animals

Negligence Of The Military Entrance Process Essay - 978 Words

Negligence in the Military Entrance Process In 2014, according to the Department of Defense (DoD) there were 2.2 million Americans serving the military (Hurt, By the Numbers). At the dawn of 2014, there were 317 million members of the American society (Schlesinger, 2014 US). This means less than 1 percent of Americans were serving within the Armed Forces. This small group of the nation’s population comes from every corner of the country and from all walks of life; each one carrying their own set of morals, work ethic, intellect and aspirations. Unfortunately, many of them will have a value system not consistent with the military tradition. These subpar members will not be discovered until years after entrance to the DoD. There is a problem with the current process for entering the military. In order to combat this issue, the DoD should be more selective and discerning during its screening process in order to thwart predators, deny incompetent individuals access to firearms and increasing the quali ty of troops for the nation to depend on. The most sever issue with the current military entrance process, is that lawbreakers, thugs and offenders are making their way into the ranks of the defenders of the country. American citizens are told their military is the best in the world. According to Jeremy Bender, a journalist for Business Insider’s Military and Defense Column, the United States holds the number one spot for the world’s mostShow MoreRelatedU.s. Decision For Enter World War II2475 Words   |  10 Pagessimmering for some time, over two years in fact, prior to the U.S. entrance into this bloody affair. Endless debate had occurred at all levels of our government, and even among the general population, to the appropriate role of the U.S. in this war. 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It attempts to explain the strategies developed and implemented in the marketing process and functions. An analysis of this case study is grounded on the assessment of the marketing strategies in theory and practice, which are written in literature review and contemplating in marketing strategy and marketing processes. The study triesRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pagespublished Under the Sea Wind, a work of natural history that originated in an article she had written for a Bureau of Fisheries publication in the late 1930s. Though it was well received by reviewers, the book was something of a false start: the entrance of the United States into World War II led to poor sales, and Carson herself soon had to put other such projects aside to deal with growing responsibilities at Fish and Wildlife. (By 1949, she was editor of all agency publications.) 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Coca Cola External Environmental Factors Free Essays

During the strategic marketing management process, there are many external forces that any company must be aware of in order to be profitable. These very important factors to be considered come in the form of technology trends, economic and government trends, consumer trends and innovations. It is very important to become aware of all of the potential opportunities and threats that may arise from these trends. We will write a custom essay sample on Coca Cola External Environmental Factors or any similar topic only for you Order Now I believe that for Coca-Cola, there are external forces in all of these areas that they must be aware of and incorporate into their planning if they are to continue to be successful.When it comes to technology, in recent years there are many emerging trends that I feel that Coca-Cola could use to their advantage. The popularity of services such as Twitter and Facebook may give Coca-Cola the opportunity to spread the word about their products to territories that haven’t yet been reached by their competitors. Since the majority of people use these services all over the world, we feel that it is a great place for them to advertise.While it is still very important to have advertisements on television, more and more people are using the internet, and we feel that by collaborating with internet companies, they would be able to increase their profits. In addition to the increased use of the internet, another technology trend that Coca-Cola should be aware of is the production of bio -degradable bottles. Today’s plastic bottles are very bad for the environment and people are aware of this. Until recently, there was only technology to produce plastic that was made from petroleum.Now though, in the year 2010, there is technology to produce plastic that is made from plants. This plastic, also known as PLA or polylactide, emits fewer greenhouse gases, uses less energy than other plastic bottles and is also recyclable and compostable. We believe that since the environment is such a high priority in everyone’s minds, they should take advantage of this technological development. Economic and Government trends are an extremely important part of the external environment. Since consumers are directly affected by the status of n economy, a company should always be aware of the economic conditions in the countries in which they operate. Currently, all over the world, we are dealing with a recession. The unemployment rate is very high, and as a result, consumers have decreased buying power. When consumers have less income, the first thing that they stop buying are luxury goods. In my opinion, Coke is a luxury item and not a necessity. I feel that if Coca-Cola wants to continue to be successful in the current economic conditions, they must begin to produce goods that people must buy. An example of such a product would be dairy products, like milk.While a consumer who has a strict budget may skip purchasing Coke, they will not skip on purchasing milk. While technological and economic factors are extremely important to Coca-Cola, we feel that currently, the most important factor that needs to be addressed are changing consumer trends. Today, consumers are becoming more and more health conscious. When people purchase a food or drink, we think that they would ideally prefer something that has some health benefits to it. Coke has always been criticized for being bad for your health due to the food coloring, carbonation and high-fructose corn syrup.While we don’t believe that it is likely that Coca-Cola will lose much business to other cola competitors such as Pepsi, I do feel that they will lose business to companies that are producing healthy alternatives to cola, such as fruit drinks. I feel that Coca-Cola should be innovative and possibly consider changing some of the ingredients in Coke, such as using natural sugar instead of corn syrup and natural sources of food coloring rather than chemicals. Another very important cons umer trend that should be noticed by Coca-Cola is the increasing population of Hispanics in the United States. Hispanics make up a very large part of the population, and Coke isn’t marketed specifically to this ethnic group. We feel that if Coca-Cola marketed more directly to Hispanics, they would increase their profit. Lastly, a very important consumer trend is being â€Å"green†. As previously mentioned, consumers in the United States, as well as the majority of other countries in the world, are very concerned with the effects of pollution and the general well being of the planet. Coca-Cola’s biggest competition is Pepsi. In the past year, Pepsi has introduced the â€Å"Pepsi Refresh Project. †This program awards funding to people in America who have come up with great ideas on how they can improve their community. Some of the ideas that have been funded by Pepsi so far are making school buses more eco-friendly, growing fresh produce at schools to fight childhood obesity and making buildings in cities more energy efficient. In 2010, the Pepsi Refresh Project will give away more than $20 million to people with similar ideas. Each month, Pepsi will accept up to 1,000 new ideas every month and will award up to $1. 3 million in grants to the ideas who have received the most votes by other consumers.We feel that this is a very effective way of bettering the world that we live in and that Coca-Cola should do something very similar. Pepsi has so far only implemented this program in the United States, so this gives Coca-Cola the opportunity to use this idea on a global scale, and extend the benefits to other countries. We feel that being â€Å"green† is a very important consumer trend, and if Coca-Cola used a similar program across the world, they would begin to develop an image where they have the environment’s best interest at heart, and will gain the support of people all over the world as well as increasing their profits. How to cite Coca Cola External Environmental Factors, Papers

Into The Millennium Essay Example For Students

Into The Millennium Essay Into The MillenniumFor most people family is one of the most important parts of life. For they are the people who raised you and taught you things needed in life. For most of us we have a connection with are family that is unparallel in life, which is the reason for are undying love. At times though there is a point at which we take are family for granted like they will always be around. Parents might do things that are not agreed upon by the children, yet the parent thinks it is in the child’s best interest. Sometimes it might not even be the best thing to do in that situation, yet parents have a true desire to protect their children from the dangers of the world. On the other hand, children do not always listen to the advice their parents give them and can get themselves into a lot of trouble. We will write a custom essay on Into The Millennium specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Anyway you look at it, most of the time we do not realize what we have until it is not longer with us. Many times we do take our family for granted and when one passes away there are many things we wish we could have said or done to show them are love. The play â€Å"Into The Woods,† by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine is a direct example of how families treat each other. There is conflict ranging from hating sisters, to protective mothers and a disagreeing husband and wife. In the end lives are lost, family are in pain and those left realize that they need to treat their family better and hold on to the loved ones that they have. Families do encounter many difficult choices together, but they also must solve the problems together, and keep peace within the family, because bad choice will be regretted when those loved ones are not around longer. From my interpretation of the play’s theme I have decided to set my play on the 28 of December 1999, 3 days before the millennium. The location is New York City, using Time Square at the main concentration of the play, much like the woods. The Empire State Building will be the site where Rapunzel’s is keep by the which. It will be a room at the very top, which is unknown and inaccessible to anyone. The young couple will have to retrieve 4 things from the witch. One, the young boy’s white kangaroo, two the silver shoe from Cinderella, three, the beautiful long hair from Rapunsel and fourth, a beautiful mink coat from a little, young actress. The young black boy will find a port within an Inner City New York alley and discover his riches. The port takes the young boy to Japan in which he steals money and rare valuables from Japanese crime family. The family then returns to get their stolen goods and in the process kills people that get in their way. The witch will be meet in Central Park, and will appear as an old, wrinkled up lady who appears to be homeless and feeds the pigeons the entire day. Cinderella will be a beautiful girl in ragged clothes and she wants to make an appearance at a large party thrown by a movie star. She then is made up into a beautiful lady and pursued by the movie star of her dreams. They all end up wondering around Time Square searching for or running from their respective items or people. The millennium will be the time set by the witch for which the items must be retrieved by the young couple. .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8 , .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8 .postImageUrl , .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8 , .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8:hover , .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8:visited , .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8:active { border:0!important; } .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8:active , .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8 .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3bc46f8d99a2c0456a20715ed382fac8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Plato And Conservative Christians Essay If not retrieved by the deadline their wish will not be granted. The Characters will be dressed in present day clothing, Cinderella and the Young Actress girl with the mink coat will be dressed very stylish and with trend setting clothing. Except before Cinderella’s wish is granted then she will be dressed in ragged handy downs from her sisters. The mood will be dark and along with the colors to give it a somewhat eerie feeling. The Japanese men will be dressed in Suites, and all have dark sunglasses on and only one will have a speaking line and be the leader. The Young Couple will be dressed in casual clothes, but made to look like a normal couple from New York. The sets will be large and elaborate in order to give the full Time Square Effect. The lights will be bright, yet much still allow for a hollow mood. Modern day store signs from Time Square will be visible and there also must be tall sky scrappers visible in the background. There also must be a dark alley way between two buildings in Time Square, along with bench’s and light posts. In Scenes with the Empire State Building and Rapunzel a tall structures must be in place given it a busy New York City affect. The boy and his mother will be a poor family from the inner city, dressed in clothes with holes, dark and trashy looking. They will speak using lots of slang, yet also nice and easy to get along with. The house, in which the movie star lives, will be very elegant with nice glasses, furniture, a chandelier, with beautiful paintings all along the walls. The colors in the house will mainly consist of white or other light, elegant colors. All extras, and actors will have Hollywood like dress attire for their tux and dresses. Their manner of speech will be proper and somewhat snobbish. As for the Central park set, there will be lots of tall trees, old lamppost, a pathway, and park benches along with rocks and leaves and other debris. This is a brief discussion of what how each character should be and how clothing, props and sets should look. After the deaths, the play will depict how hard it is to lose a family member or loved on in the pursuit of material possessions or dreams that you might think will make you happy. It will also show how material possessions are not worth taking for granted loved ones. In conclusion we should not risk emotional happiness for material happiness and well being. Theater Essays

Thomas Jefferson His Presidential Legacy Essays -

Thomas Jefferson: His Presidential Legacy Thomas Jefferson: His Presidential Legacy Thomas Jefferson, our third president, was born in 1743 in Virginia. He studied at William and Mary and then read the law. In 1772, he married a widow lady, Martha Skelton and he took her to live at his partially completed home at Monticello, the plantation consisting of approximately 5,000 acres that he inherited from his father. Mr. Jefferson was considered to be a gifted writer, but he was not a public speaker. He wrote his support for the patriotic cause in the House of Burgesses and the Continental congresses but he did not give any speeches. He was a silent member, and as such, drafted the Declaration of Independence. He became the first Secretary of State under George Washington, but resigned the post in 1793. His resignation was due to political conflicts with Alexander Hamilton and his sympathies for the French Revolution. As political differences grew in the new nation, two parties began to form; Jefferson became the leader of the Jeffersonian Party, which later evolved into the Democratic-Republican Party. He opposed a strong central government and was a champion for states rights. In 1796, he missed being elected President by three votes. Instead, due to a flaw in the Constitution, he became Vice President. In the next election, the flaw became much more apparent. The Republican Party cast a tie vote between Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson. Alexander Hamilton voted for Jefferson, even though their political views differed. When Mr. Jeffersons second term was completed, he retired to Monticello and worked on his designs for the university of Virginia. He died on July 4, 1826. Mr. Jeffersons presidency left several legacies. The most important, in chronological order, were the Supreme Courts decision in the 1803 case of Marbury v Madison, the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, and the adoption of the 12th Amendment to the Constitution in 1804. The landmark case of Marbury v Madison involved William Marbury and James Madison. After his defeat in 1800, then President Adams appointed as many federalist judges to the court system as possible, but the commissions were not delivered. Mr. Marbury was appointed as a Justice of the Peace for the District of Columbia; James Madison tried to use his power as Secretary of State to shelve Mr. Marburys commission. Mr. Marbury sued in the Supreme Court for the delivery of the commission and based his appeal on the Judiciary Act of 1789. However, Chief Justice Marshall dismissed the suit, explaining that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional because it attempted to assign powers to the Supreme Court that the Constitution had not foreseen. He adamantly asserted his opinion that the Constitution embodied a higher law than regular legislation. Chief Justice Marshall stated that it is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is His decision gr eatly increased the authority of the Supreme Court; the Court now had the final say-so in the interpretation of the Constitution and to determine the constitutionality of a law. Just a few months later, in May 1804, Jefferson completed one of the largest land transactions in history. He purchased the entire Louisiana Territory, consisting of more than 800,000 square miles, from Napoleon for $15 millions dollars. The United States government paid $11,250,000 directly to the French government and the United States government assuming French debts to U.S. citizens covered the balance of $3,750,000. This purchase was the result of serious concerns for free trade and navigation along the Mississippi River. In 1800, Spain and France entered into a secret pact in which Spain ceded New Orleans and the territory to France. The United States government was afraid that it would have to go to war with France to acquire control of the port of New Orleans, so Mr. Jefferson sent Robert Livingston and James Munroe to negotiate with Napoleon for the sale of New Orleans and as much land to its east as possible for a maximum of $10million. They were also instructed that if negotiation with Napoleon failed, they were to begin negotiating with England for an alliance. Jefferson was willing to form an alliance with the former enemy, England, against a former friend, France,

Do You Need to Take Both the ACT and SAT

Do You Need to Take Both the ACT and SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips As a high school student, I took both the SAT and the ACT. I’d been taking the SAT every couple of years since I was in middle school, so I planned to focus primarily on it. However, as a public school student in Colorado, I was required to take the ACT by my school. My scores on the two tests were relatively similar and I ended up submitting both. Taking both tests, whether because of school requirementsor personal preference, has become an increasingly common choice for students, especiallythose applying to top colleges. Though itisn’t necessary to take both the ACT and SAT, doing somight be the right plan for you. This guide will walk you through the pro and cons of taking both tests. Key Fact: Schools Only Require the ACT or the SAT,Not Both No school will require you to submit scores from both tests, so you definitely don’t need to take both the ACT and the SAT. Keep in mindthat, regardless of what you might have heard to the contrary, all schools accept both the ACT and the SAT. Though in the past selective colleges on the coasts generally preferred the SAT, this hasn't been the case for decades. I would say that for most students it’s not worth the time investment to prepare for both tests,but read on for all the information you need to make the best decisionfor yourself. 4 Reasons You Might Want to Take Both Tests There are four potential benefits to taking both the ACT and the SAT: you'll have an extra chance to excel, prepping for one can help you do better on the other, some schools might appreciate seeing both scores, and you'll get more test dates to choose from. #1: You'll Have More Opportunities to Do Well The most common reason students take both the ACT and the SATis in case they can score much better on one than the other. The majority of students will score similarly on both tests,but it can be tricky to determine whether you're one of the exceptions without trying both tests. Nonetheless, there are some general patterns to which students prefer which tests. Students who have a strong affinity for the ACT generally: Aren't stressed by time pressures Excel at skimming passages for information Enjoyscience, or at least aren't intimidated by it Are comfortable with geometryand trigonometry Students who prefer the SAT, on the other hand, usually: Aren't confused by complicated question phrasings Can do basic calculations by hand Can easilyexplain the logic behind their answers One benefit of this approach is that if you do score much higher on either the ACT or the SAT, you can always choose to send only the scores fromthetest you did better on- even if a school doesn't use SAT/ACT Score Choice. #2: The Tests Are Similar, so Preparing for One Will Help You on the Other The SAT redesign madethe two tests more similar than ever. Because there's a lot of overlap between content and strategies for the ACT and the SAT,prepping for one willhelp you on the other as well. For example, studying for the ACT Science section will help you hone graph-reading skills that will come in handy on the SAT's quantitative reasoning and data representation questions. On the other hand, reviewing the grammar rules you need for SAT Writing will be equally good preparation for ACT English. However, if you do plan to prepare for both, be sure to start studying well ahead of when you want to be done with testing.You'll need to spend some extra time learning about whichever test you decide to take second. #3: Taking Both Tests Can Provide Extra Information for Schools As I mentioned above, most students who take both tests are applying to more selective schools, which sometimes appreciate the extra information. Doing extremely well on both tests is slightly more impressive than doing equallywell on just one. Janet Rapelye, Princeton's dean of admissions, told the New York Times that submitting both tests isn't necessary but can be helpful: "For us, more information is always better. If students choose one or the other, that’s fine, because both tests have value. But if they submit both, that generally gives us a little more information." Though the tests are very similar, and treated the same by admissions committees, they do test slightly different ideas and concepts. Taking both gives schools the fullest sense of your capabilities; however, keep in mind that any advantage submitting both tests gives you will be relatively minor. #4: You'll Get More Test Dates to Choose From The SAT and ACT are each offered seven times a year but on different dates. Thus, by taking both tests,you'll essentially get double the number of test dates to choose from. This can be helpful if you're worried about finding time to take a test and have a pretty stringent schedule at certain times of year. For example, if you're super busy in the winter and would rather take a test in the spring or early summer, this gives you three SAT dates (March, May, and June) plustwo ACT dates (April and June) to choose from. 2 Reasons TakingBoth TestsMight Not Be Worth It While there are some potential upsides to taking both the SAT and the ACT, there are also some pretty significant drawbacks. #1: You'll Need More Prep Time If you want to prep for both the ACT and the SAT, you’ll have to spend a fair amount of extra time preparing. Even with the overlap between the tests, you’ll need to take a few practice tests for the second test you focus on, and take the time to make sure you fully understand the differences between the two tests. This will amount to roughly 10-20 hours of extra test prep. These hours might be better spent pursuing an activity you're excited about or working on your college essay. #2: Trying to Do Both Can Be Overwhelming and Confusing The tests are similar, but not the same. As such, trying to prepare for both can end up being very overwhelming if you're the type of person who has trouble juggling a lot of different ideas at once. Ultimately, for some students,trying to studyfor both the ACT and the SATcan lead to lower scores than focusing on just one test would. How to Choose Betweenthe SAT and the ACT: 4 Factors If you do settleon taking just one of the tests, there are four factors you'll want toconsider when deciding between them. #1: Do You Have a Particular Affinity for the SATor the ACT? As I mentioned above, most students score similarly on both tests, but some find one significantly easier than the other. In additionto the brief guidelines I've laid out in this post, you can use this guide to determine whether you’re likely to have strong preference for the ACT or the SAT. You might also try taking a practice test of each and comparing your scores- this approachis more accuratebut also more of a time commitment. #2: Are You Required to Take One of the Tests at School? Roughly half of the states in the US will require all public school juniors to take either the ACT or the SAT. If your school requires you to take one of them, you might benefit from focusing on the required test. What's more, your school might offer free or discounted test-prep resources, ultimately making you more familiar with just one of the two tests. #3: Does One Test Better Suit Your Strengths? Though the SAT and ACT have a lot in common these days, they still have a few big differences that you can use to determine which test might be a better fit for your particular strengths. Some of the biggest differences between the two tests are as follows: Science Section? % Geometry Qs on Math Section Avg Time per Question No-Calculator Section? Math Formulas Chart? Grid-in Math Qs? SAT No 10% 1 minute Yes Yes Yes ACT Yes 35-45% 1 minute No No No As you can see, if you're not too good at geometry and need more time per question, the SAT will likely be a better fit for your skills. On the other hand, if you hate doing math without a calculator but love science, the ACT might work better for you. Look atwhat's on each test and then decide whether one might be a better fit for you.And don't just think about your strengths- consider your weaknesses, too. For example, if you're not good at grid-in math questions, you might have a better shot at getting a high Math score on the ACT than you would on the SAT. #4: Which Test Offers More Convenient Test Dates? The last big factor to consider is which test offers more convenient test dates that work with your schedule. As I mentioned above, both the SAT and ACT are administered seven times a year (excluding school-day testing); however, these test dates are not the same. The chart below shows what months the SAT and ACT are administered each school year: Testing Month SAT ACT August X September X October X X November X December X X January February X March X April X May X June X X July X As the chart indicates, some months offer both the SAT and ACT while others only offer one or the other (note that January is the only month that offers neither test). Ultimately, it's important toconsider whichtest can give you more flexibility and fits better with your schedule. For example, if you have the whole summer to study, you might want to take the SAT since it offers an August test date. Or, if you have winter to study and want to get the test over with before spring activities start, the February ACT might be an ideal fit. Still Want to Take Both the ACT and SAT? 3 Tips If, after lots of consideration, you still want to take both the ACT and SAT, you'll need to know how to prepare accordingly so that you don't get overwhelmed or make any mistakes on test day. Here are our top three tips for keeping your brain in check as you prep for the SAT and ACT. #1: Focus on One Test at a Time The most important point is to focus on one test at a time in your prep. This means you shouldn't take both tests in the same month or even in back-to-back months, as doing this can confuse and overwhelm you. Ideally, you'll take one test and then the other at least three months later.We typically advise prepping for at least three to six months before the SAT/ACT, so giving yourself this amount of time in-between test dates should allow you to take one test and then completely transition your mindset to prepping for the other. Taking both the ACT and SAT around the same time might sound like a smart idea, but in the end all it's going to do is mix up information in your head and exhaust you. So take our advice and spread out your dates! #2: Use Resources Specific to Your Test While some resources can work for both the SAT and ACT, most target just one of the two tests. As a result, don't try to use SAT resources for your ACT prep, or ACT resources for your SAT prep. Doingthis will ultimately end up confusing you, and you'll learn the wrong strategies and content. Instead, separate your resources into two piles: one for the SAT, and one for the ACT. For tips on what prep books to use for the SAT and ACT, check out our individual guides. The only high-quality resource I recommend using for both tests isKhan Academy. This free website has partnered with the College Board to offer tons of video tutorials and official SAT practice questions. While it doesn't specifically cater to the ACT, it's got a lot of helpful strategies and explanations for math, reading, and writingthat you can apply to your ACT prep as well. #3: Come Up With Separate Study Plans Lastly, you'll need to spend some time coming up with two separate study plans for the SAT and ACT. Even if you plan to give yourself the same amount of time to study for both tests (say, four months for each test), how you spend that time will likely vary slightly depending on which test you're taking. The main reason for this is the content differences on the tests. Remember, the ACT has a whole section the SAT doesn't have- Science! That fact alone should be reason enough to come up with a different study schedule. Another reason is your own goals. What score are you aiming for on the SAT? The ACT? Where are you currently scoring on each test? Once you've answered these questions, you can begin to figure out how to structure and customize your study schedules. For tips on how to build the best SAT or ACT study plan for you, take a look at our guides. What's Next? When studying for the ACT or SAT, it's helpful to have a specific goal in mind.Learn how to determine what a great score for you will be on the SAT or the ACT. If you have more questions about the redesigned 2016 SAT,check out our full breakdown of the test. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT and ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160+ points or your ACT score by 4+ points. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Introduction to Networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Introduction to Networking - Essay Example In this architecture, the stations are joined in a ring topology. A token is usually used in preventing any collisions, which might be present (Beasley, 2008). In the passing of data, each work station passes information to the following workstation until data resumes to the source. In this architecture, there must be a server. Just like Token Ring architecture, FDDI uses tokens to control collisions. The difference comes in the number of rings used in the FDDI architecture (Day, 2007). The FDDI uses dual rings. The dual rings consist of a secondary as well as a primary ring. The primary ring transmits data while secondary ring remains idle during operation. Traffic on the dual rings flows on counter directions (Beasley, 2008). The following illustration shows FDDI architecture with all stations functioning. The Apple Talk architecture provides internetworking of computers and other outer devices using Local Talk media and also allows access to network services like printers and file servers (Day, 2007). The Apple Talk architecture has well defined interfaces in between layers. Zones, networks, sockets and nodes form the basic components of an Apple Talk network. This presented in the illustration below. This architecture consists of data packets and switches, which transfer data using fixed length 53 byte cells (Day, 2007). A patch is usually setup with the establishment of ATM circuits. The patch remains until the connection is completed. ATM aggregators run networks, which consolidate information traffic from several feeders (Beasley, 2008). The illustration below shows ATM

The effects of exercise benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The effects of exercise benefits - Essay Example This is so because exercise does not just improve physical stamina but also influences social and psychological aspects of one’s life. Engaging in physical activities can prove to be more beneficial than what people already expected and this is what will be discussed in detail below. Obviously, exercise benefits participants physically, building healthy habits in maintaining fit bodies and staying away from certain diseases. In fact, physical activities are being given a lot of importance that training children to become physically active is one of the objectives of many fitness scholars. Kenneth H. Cooper, for instance, encourages parents to become involved in engaging their children in physical activities for them to get used to it and for the parents to become good models for the children because as they grow older, there is the great tendency of becoming inactive. Girls are found to become inactive around age fourteen while boys at fifteen. This is so because of the change s which happen in the children’s body (Cooper, 15-16). However, the importance of physical exercise should be well-pointed out to them. First and foremost, exercise increases muscle size and builds muscle strength. Jogging, walking or aerobic exercises increase the supply of oxygen-rich blood available to skeletal muscles for aerobic cellular respiration. This helps the regulation of blood in the body maintain normal processes and prevent diseases. Engaging in such activities on a daily basis builds endurance for prolonged activities. Anaerobic activities on the other hand like weight lifting, increase muscle size and builds strength. One might say that strength and endurance are not actually needed in relation to work nevertheless, it should be noted that the more sedentary the lifestyle of a person is because of the nature of his job, the more one needs to do physical activities to stay healthy. Aerobic exercises for instance, increase the oxygen demand of the muscles, incr easing cardiac output and the rate of oxygen delivery to the tissues. Moreover, oxygen delivery also increases because more capillary networks are developed by skeletal muscles because of long term training (Tortora & Grabowski, 687). In contrast to an active lifestyle, being sedentary exposes a person to obesity, heart problems, depression and other related diseases. In addition to the physical benefits, people who exercise also enhance themselves psychologically. Studies show that exercise can help alleviate long term depression. James Blumenthal, PhD, a clinical psychologist at Duke University experimented on patients and he found out that those who did exercise had higher rates of remission comparable to those who did not exercise but were taking antidepressant. His conclusion about this observation is that, exercise is as effective as antidepressant for patients with major depressive disorder. He further adds that exercise â€Å"seems not only important in treating depression but also in preventing relapse† (Weir). More studies show and explain why exercise benefits people positively on the psychological aspect such as the fight or flight mechanism. Patients with heightened sensitivity to anxiety have been observed to be able to adjust to circumstances that may cause anxiety better than those who have no or less physical activitie

Public Perceptions About the Concept of Medication Reuse

Public Perceptions About the Concept of Medication Reuse Medication wastes: The public perceptions about the concept of medication reuse Chapter one 1. Introduction 1.1 Background, definitions, and classification of medical wastes There is a growing environmental realisation in the last few years, it is recognisable that the worlds environmental carbon emissions, and global warming problems are increasing. Many organisations work to apply green principles of health care programs in their way for going green (Xie, 2012). In the UK, the Centre for Sustainable Healthcare (CSH) the institution which was developed in 2008 to help NHS reduce carbon liberations and emissions by 80% by 2050 by involving health care professionals, patients, and the community clarifying the connections between environment and health care system (Stancliffe, 2014). Waste is defined by European Union Waste Framework Directive (2008), as any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard. All wastes created by medical activities falls under health care wastes. The Royal College of Nursing (RCN) report and the World Health Organisation (WHO) described health care wastes as all wastes produced by research facilities, laboratories, and organisations providing health and social care. Moreover, it involves the waste originating from small or sprinkled sources such as that generated in the health course and social care started at home such as dialysis, insulin injections, bandages, swabs, sharps, blood, medicines and incontinence pads (RCN, 2014 and WHO, 2011). Between (80) % of the waste produced by health-care providers is considered non-risk or general health-care waste, while the remaining (20) % of healthcare waste is considered as hazardous that maybe may be infectious, toxic or radioactive and may create a diversity of health risks. Health-care waste consists of possibly dangerous microorganisms with potential infectious risks such as development of microorganisms resistant to medication from health-care institution into the environment, and can infect patients, healthcare suppliers and the public. WHO classified the hazardous health care waste into (Appendix 1): infectious waste, pathological waste, sharps waste, pharmaceutical waste, genotoxic waste, chemical waste, heavy metals wastes and the radioactive waste. Pharmaceutical waste is waste containing pharmaceutical that are expired, or no longer used; items polluted by or including pharmaceuticals (WHO, 2011). Usually not all the medications dispensed to the patients will be used, this is mainly due to many factors such as adverse drug reaction intolerance, relief of symptoms, changing the dose/dosage forms, medicine non-compliance and/or non-adherence issues and medicine being expired (Dharmender, 2013). Pharmaceutical waste is defined by UK Department of health (2013), as expired, unused, spilt, and contaminated medicinal products, drugs, vaccines and sera that are no longer required and need to be disposed of appropriately; and/ or discarded items contaminated with medicinal, such as bottles or boxes with residues, gloves, masks, connecting tubing, syringe bodies and drug vials. Abou-auda HS (2003), defined medication wastage as any medication or drug product that had been dispensed by a prescription or buy over the counter (OTC) which is not fully consumed. Chapter two 2. Literature review 2.1 causes of medication wastage Drugs are wasted when dispensed to patients who are not taken them. In order to minimise the wastage of medications, it is important to investigate the causes behind medicines being returned, unused, and wasted by the patients. A review of the possible factors evidenced to potentially cause medication waste was conducted to summarise the most important causes of medicine returned unused. 2.1.1 Patient death Medications being returned unused by the patients resulting from patient death was reported in six studies. Mackridge et al. (2007), a cross sectional study of returned medicines to fifty one community pharmacies and forty two general practitioner surgeries in Eastern Birmingham (UK) over eight weeks, Cameron (1996), a self-reporting questionnaire study in 58 community pharmacies in Alberta (Canada) over eight weeks, and Ekedahl (2006), a cross sectional study included fifty nine community pharmacies in Sweden reported that patient death was the most common cause of medication waste. In the study by Langley et al. (2005), a small cross sectional observational study in eight community pharmacies and five general practitioner surgeries in East Birmingham/UK over four weeks, patient death was the second most common cause of returned unused medicines by the patients. Data from Cook A (1996), a cross sectional study of returned medicines to seventeen community pharmacies over one month in UK, Hawksworth et al. (1996), a cross sectional study of returned medicines included thirty community pharmacies in UK, Coma et al. (2008), a cross sectional study of returned medicines to 38 community pharmacies over three months showed that patient death was reported but accounted only for about quarter of all returned unused medicines. 2.1.2 Medication changed or discontinued There is a proof in the literature that changing medications is a considerable cause of medication returned unused by the patients, it is reported as a common cause of medication waste (Cameron 1996, Cook 1996, Hawksworth et al. 1996, Morgan 2001, Daniszewsi et al.2002, Langley et al. 2005, Abahussain et al. 2006, Ekedahl 2006, Mackridge et al. 2007, Braund et al. 2008, Coma et al. 2008, Braund and Gn et al. 2009, Braund and Peake et al. 2009, James et al. 2009). Data from (Hawksworth et al. 1996, Daniszewsi et al.2002, Langley et al. 2005, Abahussain et al. 2006, Braund et al. 2008), found that changing medications was the most common reported cause of medication being wasted. 2.1.3 Medication Expired 2.2 The environmental impact of unused wasted returned medications The toxic ecological effects of the pharmaceutical presence in the environment was studied and evaluated in the last few years. Data from Heberer (2002) and Woodhouse (2003), confirm the presence of pharmaceuticals in water and considered it serious, as it is not totally removed and even if it is present in trace levels is still considered pollutant to water receivers. The improper household disposal practices of unused medicines, via the local waste, the sewers, and the toilet was identified, as a source of water contamination (Bound, 2006). The effect of pharmaceutical wastes in the environment was linked to possible development of endocrine deactivating compounds, reducing fertility, and antibiotic resistance bacteria. Data from Schwartz et al. (2003), confirmed the development of bacterial resistance as vancomycin resistant enterococci and beta-lactam-hydrolysing Enterobacteriaceae were cultivated from all wastewater biofilms. In the study by Lange et al. (2001), the ‘’feminising effects’’ of endocrine-disrupting compounds, such as ethinyl estradiol, the synthetic hormone used in the contraceptive pill, on fish near wastewater treatment works outfalls was measured. 2.3 The economic impact of unused wasted returned medicine Studies from inside (five) and outside (six) UK, estimated the value of the cost of medication waste are reviewed below. Results from Hawksworth et al. (1996), a cross sectional study included thirty community pharmacies in Kirklees/West Yorkshire (UK) over a period of one month showed an estimated cost of  £37 million of unused medicine were from patients home. Langley et al. (2005), a small cross sectional observational study in eight community pharmacies and five general practitioner surgeries in East Birmingham/UK over four weeks, showed that the total cost of returned medicines was  £3986 and  £3751 respectively. In the study by Mackridge et al. (2007), a cross sectional study reported an estimate of  £75 million value of returned medicines to fifty one community pharmacies and forty two general practitioner surgeries in Eastern Birmingham over eight weeks. In the same year, the UK National Audit Office report, proposed that each year an estimate of  £100 million value of unused returned medicine. As the  £100 million estimate was based on unused medicine that actually returned, this was considered as an underrated figure of the full cost of wasted medicines, as a result the department of health estimated that as much as 10% of all drugs prescribed were wasted (10% of the NHS prescribing budget) which is estimated to be  £800 million-worth of drugs are wasted annually in primary care. Data from Trueman et al. (2010), a research undertaken by the York Health Economics Consortium and London School of Pharmacy in 2009, estimated that the annual cost of the primary and community care medicines wastage in UK NHS was around  £300 million per year ( £ 250-300 million per year), with estimated  £90 million of unused medicines stored in individuals homes,  £110 million returned to community pharmacies over the course of a year, and up to  £50 million of NHS supplied medicines that are disposed of annually by care homes. The authors of this report also estimated that less than 50% of this total figure is cost effectively preventable. International studies from outside UK was also included and reviewed. A Canadian study by Cameron S (1996), in fifty eight pharmacies over eight weeks estimated the cost of unused medicines returned was $60350, the extrapolated cost which included the whole 750 community pharmacies in Alberta during the same eight weeks period was $716400. Coma et al. (2008), a cross sectional study included thirty eight community pharmacies in Barcelona/Spain over a period of three months, showed that the estimated cost of returned medicines was â‚ ¬8,539.9, the extrapolated cost for the 20,461 community pharmacies in whole Spain was a round â‚ ¬129 million. Although the reuse concept of patient’s unused returned medicines is considered unethical in the United Kingdome (UK), the unused medicines are returned in large quantities and have important financial value, with the preponderance considered acceptable to be used again by another patient (Mackridge, 2007). Table 1. Summary of research studies evaluating the economic impact of wasted medicine Study Study setting and duration Study method Country Main Findings Hawksworth et al. (1996) 30 CPs over duration of 1 month Cross sectional questionnaire UK A total of 1,091 items were returned by 366 patients with estimated value of  £37 million Langley et al. (2005) 8 CP and 5 GPs over duration of 4 weeks Cross sectional observational study UK A total of 340 items were returned (42 to GPs and 298 to CPs). The total cost of returned items was  £3986 to GPs and  £3751 CPs. Mackridge et al. (2007) 51 CPs and 42 GPs over duration of 8 weeks Cross sectional study UK A total of 3765 items were returned by 910 patients with estimated value of  £75 million UK National Audit Office report (2007) Based on previous analysis conducted by department of health Based on previous analysis conducted by department of health UK Proposed that each year an estimate of  £100 million value of unused returned medicine. Trueman et al. (2010) 403 of the 466 items identified in the public survey were able to be priced. Costs were identified /item using British National Formulary (BNF). Public survey UK Estimated that the annual cost of the primary and community care medicines wastage in UK NHS was around  £300 million per year ( £ 250-300 million per year). Cameron S (1996) 58 CPs in Alberta (8% of provincial total) over duration of 8 weeks Self-reporting questionnaire Canada The estimated cost of the unused medicines returned was $60350. The extrapolated cost for 750 CPs is in Alberta during the same 8 week period was $716400. Morgan (2001) Sample of 73 of Hampshire retirement community citizens aged 65 years or older. over duration of 7 months cross-sectional pilot survey/ Questionnaire US The total cost of 2078 wasted pills was US $ 2,011.00 with mean annual cost of wasted medication was $30.47/person (range = $0-$131.56). Individual costs were modest, but if $30/individual demonstrate a low estimate of average annual cost of waste, the US extrapolated cost was estimated to be not less than $1 billion per year. Abou-auda (2003) A total of 1641 households participated (1554 from Saudi Arabia, 87 from other countries) Questionnaire / Pilot study Saudi Arabia, and capital cities of Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates U.A.E The estimated cost of unused medicines by families in Saudi Arabia capital cities of Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates (U.A.E) was $150 million. Coma et al. (2008) 38 CPs over duration of 3 months Cross sectional questionnaire Spain The estimated cost of returned medicines was â‚ ¬8,539.9. The extrapolated cost for the 20,461 CPs in whole Spain was â‚ ¬129.6 million El-Hamamsy (2011) 20 CPs over duration of 1 month Questionnaire (Closed-ended questions used only) Cairo/Egypt The total wholesale price of returned drugs calculated at 10988.84 Egyptian pounds (around $1962.32 US) Hassali et al. (2012) Two parts: 1) Medicine wastage in the patients’ home. 2) Medicine wastage by the benefactor at the pharmacy desk. over duration of 6 months A descriptive study of two parts: 1) Prospective randomised community based trial. 2) Wasted medicines were collected from the patients who pass back the unwanted medicines to the pharmacy desk in the Hospital. Malaysia The total cost of the returned medications within 6 months was MYR 59,566.50 (Malaysian ringgit) with a monthly average of about MYR 9,927.75. the extrapolated cost for one year of the medications returned was MYR 119,133.00 Information from medication waste campaign website illustrated that the estimated cost of unused medication ( £300 million/year) could pay (by the average cost) for 11,778 more community nurses, 19,799 more drug treatment courses for breast cancer, 101,351 more knee replacements, 80,906 more hip replacements, and 300,000 more drug treatment courses for Alzheimers. In 2012 the NHS of Berkshire started major actions to reduce medicine waste, data from the NHS south central press release, showed that an estimate cost of wasted medicine across the Berkshire NHS and south central was  £20 million per year. The full cost of wasted medicine is not only the cost of returned medicines as estimated by the studies reviewed above (Table 1), in addition the cost of the destroying processes of the returned medicines, and the hidden costs of non-compliance/non-adherence effects which was not studied should be added to the full cost of wasted medicines in future research (UK National Audit Office Report, 2007). 2.4 Disposal practices for unused medications 2.5 Public perceptions about unused/wasted pharmaceuticals 2.6 Medication reuse and recycling A medicine reuse concept involves the return of unused and/or sealed medicines to a pharmacy, healthcare facility or charitable organisation for subsequent redistribution to recipients locally or internationally. This was implemented on a charitable basis in the United States of America (USA) and in developing countries which experienced poor medicine supply (Bero, 2010). Although such practice is considered unethical and not approved in UK, it may have environmental and economic advantages as many of these considered acceptable to be used again (Mackridge, 2007). Ipsos MORI conducted 1,101 face to face interviews for Sustainable Development Unit of the UK NHS (SDU) with respondents aged fifteen and more using around one hundred and fifty sample points. The research was carried out in two periods between the eleven of November and the fifth of December 2011. All data was weighed to reverberate the population profile of British people aged fifteen and more. Data from this recent survey reported that around half of the British people (52%) agreed to accept reissued medicines returned (that are unused and the safety was checked) by other patients while 32% said that they would not. According to Dr David Pencheon the director of sustainability unit, medicine reuse concept had been unaccepted in the past based on the assumption that patients are not willing to take the medicine returned by others. In healthcare system, the health care provider is always deviate strongly on the side of safety caution and discard medicines. For the time beings, the economics of this behaviour need to be reconsidered (Cooper, 2012). Chapter Three Research plan Ecological Impact Is medicine being wasted No Yes No Imagine that Mr. Smith who is ill with diabetes is prescribed four medications each month. He doesn’t pay for his medicines. He use all medicines as prescribed. Imagine that Mr. Smith who is ill with diabetes is prescribed four medications each month. He doesn’t pay for his medicines. He sometimes fails to take his medicines as prescribed. Yes Appendices Appendix 1 (WHO and RCN Definitions and classifications of health care wastes Infectious waste Waste contaminated by blood and its secondary products, cultures and supplies of infectious agents, waste come from isolated patients, any infected thrown away diagnostic samples with blood and body fluids, infected animals from laboratories, and contaminated swabs, bandages, and equipment such as disposable medical devices. Pathological waste Recognizable parts of the body and contaminated animal dead bodies. Genotoxic waste Very dangerous, mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic, such as cytotoxic drugs and their metabolites. Pharmaceutical waste Expired, unused, and contaminated drugs; vaccines and sera Radioactive waste Such as contaminated glass materials with radioactive diagnostic or therapeutic materials. Heavy metals waste Such as broken mercury thermometers. Chemicals Such as broken mercury thermometers Sharps Such as syringes, needles, disposable scalpels and blades Hazardous or Non Hazardous waste Clinical waste if it contains or is contaminated with a medicine containing either: A pharmaceutically-active substance (a substance able to affect biological systems); or A dangerous substance such as chemicals at sufficient concentration to produce a hazardous property. Clinical or Non Clinical waste Hazardous if it contains or is contaminated with a cytotoxic or cytostatic medicine. Other medicines are not hazardous waste. Offensive waste or sometimes called hygiene waste) Is waste that is non-infectious and not clinical, but may cause offence due to the presence of recognisable health care waste materials, body fluids or odour, and secretions or excretions or that collection and disposal is not subject to special requirements in order to prevent infection. *Adapted from WHO fact sheet (2011), and RCN guidance (2014)

E-R Diagram

Introduction:- In 1976 ,Chen developed the Entity-Relationship Diagrams ,a high-level data model that is useful in developing a conceptual design for database . An ER diagram is a diagram containing entities or â€Å"items†, relationships among them, and attributes of the entities . The E-R model is one of the best known tools for logical database design. Within the database community, it is considered a natural and easy-to-understand way of conceptualizing the structure of database.Claims that have been made for it include the following: it is simple and easily understood by non-specialist ,it is easily conceptualized ,the basic constructs (entities and relationships) are highly intuitive and thus provide a natural way of representing a user’s information requirements , and it is a model that describes a world in terms of entities and attributes that is most suitable for computer naive end users. In E-R diagram the emphasis is on representing the schema a rather than t he instances. This is more useful in database design because a database schema changes rarely ,whereas the contents of the entity sets changes frequently.In addition ,the schema is usually easier to display that the extension of database ,because it is much smaller Purpose:- Entity-relationship diagrams were first proposed as a means of quickly obtaining, with minimum effort, a good sense of the structure of a database. They are used to plan and design a database and to model a systems data. Key Elements Entities:- * An entity represents the principle data objects about which information is to be collected. * Collective nouns, or nouns, are usually used to name (describe) entities * For example, each person in an enterprise is an entity. An entity has a set of properties, and the values for some set of properties may uniquely identify an entity. For instance, a person may have a person_id property whose value uniquely identifies that person. Entity Set:- * An entity set is a set of entities of the same type that share the same properties, or attributes. The set of all persons who are customers at a given bank, for example, can be defined as the entity set customer. Attribute:- * An attribute is one of the various properties that describe the entity’s characteristics. These properties usually present a single fact – they are atomic. The designation of an attribute for an entity set expresses that the database stores similar information concerning each entity in the entity set; however, each entity may have its own value for each attribute. * Possible attributes of the customer entity set are customer-id, customer-name, customer-street, and customer-city. Domain (value set):- * For each attribute, there is a set of permitted values, called the domain, or value set, of that attribute. * The domain of attribute customer-name might be the set of all text strings of a certain length.Types of attribute in the E-R model:- The attributes used in the ER mo del can be categorized as 1. Simple or Composite 2. Single Valued or Multi Valued 3. Stored or Derived. 1. Simple or Composite * The attribute which are not divided into subparts are called simple attributes. * For example, an attribute customer-id is a simple attribute. * Composite attributes, on the other hand, can be divided into subparts (that is, other attributes). * For example, an attribute name could be structured as a composite attribute consisting of first-name, middle-initial, and last- name. Using composite attributes in a design schema is a good choice if a user will wish to refer to an entire attribute on some occasions and to only a component of the attribute on other occasions. Suppose we were to substitute for the customer entity-set attributes customer-street and customer-city the composite attribute address with the attributes, street, city, state, and zip-code. * Note also that a composite attribute may appear as a hierarchy. In the composite attribute address, i ts component attribute street can be further divided into street-number, street-name, and apartment-number. 2. Single Valued or Multi Valued The attributes that have a single value for a particular entity is called a single valued attribute. * For example, an attribute customer-id is a single valued attribute because for a particular entity it holds a single value. * The attribute that have multiple valued for a particular entity is called a multi valued attribute. * For example, an attribute phone-number is a multi valued attribute because for a particular customer it holds zero, one or several phone numbers. 3. Stored or Derived * Normally attributes are stored attributes, that is, their values are stored and accessed as such from the database. For example, the attributes name, address and date-of-birth of customer entity set are stored attributes. * However, sometimes attributes’ values are not stored as such, rather they are computed or derived based on some other value. This other value may be stored in the database or obtained some other way. * For example, we may store the name, father-name, address of customers, but age can be computed from date-of-birth. * The advantage of declaring age as derived attribute is that whenever we will access the age, we will get the accurate, current age of employee since it will be computed right at the time when it is being accessedFig Symbol used for different types of attributes in E-R diagram An example diagram representing all types of attributes is given below: 1. The attributes empId, empName and dateHired are simple and single valued. 2. The attribute address is a composite attributes because it can be sub divided into street and houseNo. 3. The attribute emp_Qual is a multi valued attribute because an employee has zero, one or many qualifications. 4. The attribute Experience is a derived attribute because it can be derived from the attribute dateHired. 5.The attributes other than Experience are stored at tribute because it can be stored and accessed from the database. Null value:- * An attribute takes a null value when an entity does not have a value for it. * The null value may indicate â€Å"not applicable†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is, that the value does not exist for the entity. * For example, one may have no middle name. Relationship:- * Relationship is a representation of the fact that certain entities are related to each other. * Verbs are usually used to describe relationships. * For example: Students take Courses – Students and Courses are entities, and take is the relationship.Relationship Set:- * Set of relationships of a given type. * For example: students registered in courses ,passengers booked on flight ,parents and their children. Participation: * The association between entity sets is referred to as participation; that is, the entity sets E1, E2, . . . ,En participate in relationship set R. * The participation of an entity set E in a relationship set R is said to b e total if every entity in E participates in at least one relationship in R. * If only some entities in E participate in relationships in R, the participation of entity set E in relationship R is said to be partial.Degree:- * The number of entity sets that participate in a relationship set is called the degree of the relationship set. * A binary relationship set is of degree 2; a ternary relationship set is of degree 3. Mapping Cardinalities (cardinality ratio) :- * Mapping cardinalities, or cardinality ratios, express the number of entities to which another entity can be associated via a relationship set. * Mapping cardinalities are most useful in describing binary relationship sets, although they can contribute to the description of relationship sets that involve more than two entity sets. For a binary relationship set R between entity sets A and B, the mapping cardinality must be one of the following: a) One to one. An entity in A is associated with at most one entity in B, and a n entity in B is associated with at most one entity in A. b) One to many. An entity in A is associated with any number (zero or more) of entities in B. An entity in B, however, can be associated with at most one entity in A. c) Many to one. An entity in A is associated with at most one entity in B. An entity in B, however, can be associated with any number (zero or more) of entities in A. ) Many to many. An entity in A is associated with any number (zero or more) of entities in B, and an entity in B is associated with any number (zero or more) of entities in A. Fig. one to one Fig. one to many Fig. Many to one Fig. Many to many Key :- * A key allows us to identify a set of attributes that suffice to distinguish entities from each other. * A super key is a set of one or more attributes that, taken collectively, allow us to identify uniquely an entity in the entity set.For example, the customer-id attribute of the entity set customer is sufficient to distinguish one customer entity fr om another. Thus, customer-id is a super key. Similarly, the combination of customer-name and customer-id is a super key for the entity set customer. The customer-name attribute of customer is not a super key, because several people might have the same name. * The concept of a super key is not sufficient for our purposes, since, as we saw, a super key may contain extraneous attributes. * If K is a super key, then so is any superset of K. We are often interested in super keys for which no proper subset is a super key.Such minimal super keys are called candidate keys. * It is possible that several distinct sets of attributes could serve as a candidate key. Suppose that a combination of customer- name and customer-street is sufficient to distinguish among members of the customer entity set. Then, both {customer-id} and {customer-name, customer-street} are candidate keys. Although the attributes customerid and customer-name together can distinguish customer entities, their combination d oes not form a candidate key, since the attribute customer-id alone is a candidate key. The primary key is a candidate key that is chosen by the database designer as the principal means of identifying entities within an entity set. * A key (primary, candidate, and super) is a property of the entity set, rather than of the individual entities. Any two individual entities in the set are prohibited from having the same value on the key attributes at the same time. * The designation of a key represents a constraint in the real-world enterprise being modeled. * Sometimes we may have to work with an attribute that does not have a primary key of its own .To identify its rows ,we have to use the primary attribute of related table. this is known as foreign key. * So a foreign key is a field in a relational table that matches a candidate key of another table. The foreign key can be used to cross-reference tables . For example ,say we have two tables ,a CUSTOMER table that includes all custome r data ,and an ORDERS table that include all customer orders . The intention here is that all orders must be associated with a customer that is already in the CUSTOMER table . To do this,we will place a foreign key in the ORDERS table and have it related to the primary key of the CUSTOMER table.Strong and Weak Entities:- * An entity set may not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key. Such an entity set is termed a weak entity set. An entity set that has a primary key is termed a strong entity set. * As an illustration, consider the entity set payment, which has the three attributes: payment-number, payment-date, and payment-amount. Payment numbers are typically sequential numbers, starting from 1, generated separately for each loan. Thus, although each payment entity is distinct, payments for different loans may share the same payment number.Thus, this entity set does not have a primary key; it is a weak entity set. * For a weak entity set to be meaningful, it must be asso ciated with another entity set, called the identifying or owner entity set. * Although a weak entity set does not have a primary key, we nevertheless need a means of distinguishing among all those entities in the weak entity set that depend on one particular strong entity. The discriminator of a weak entity set is a set of attributes that allows this distinction to be made. The discriminator of a weak entity set is also called the partial key of the entity set.The primary key of a weak entity set is formed by the primary key of the identifying entity set, plus the weak entity set’s discriminator. Symbols used in E-R diagram:- Steps in E-R Modeling :- Usually the following five steps are followed to generate ER models 1. Identify the entity set. 2. Identify the relevant attributes. 3. Identify the prime attribute. 4. Find relationships between entity set. 5. Draw a complete ER model. How to Prepare an ERD:- Step 1 Let us take a very simple example and we try to reach a fully o rganized database from it. Let us look at the following simple statement:A boy eats an ice cream. This is a description of a real word activity, and we may consider the above statement as a written document (very short, of course). Step 2 Now we have to prepare the ERD. Before doing that we have to process the statement a little. We can see that the sentence contains a subject (boy), an object (ice cream) and a verb (eats) that defines the relationship between the subject and the object. Consider the nouns as entities (boy and ice cream) and the verb (eats) as a relationship. To plot them in the diagram, put the nouns within rectangles and the relationship within a diamond.Also, show the relationship with a directed arrow, starting from the subject entity (boy) towards the object entity (ice ICE CREAM EATS BOY Well, fine. Up to this point the ERD shows how boy and ice cream are related. Now, every boy must have a name, address, phone number etc. and every ice cream has a manufacture r, flavor, price etc. Without these the diagram is not complete. These items which we mentioned here are known as attributes, and they must be incorporated in the ERD as connected ovals. FLAVOUR MANUFACTURER ADRESS NAME EATS ICE CREAM CREAM BOY PRICE PHONEBut can only entities have attributes? Certainly not. If we want then the relationship must have their attributes too. These attribute do not inform anything more either about the boy or the ice cream, but they provide additional information about the relationships between the boy and the ice cream. FLAVOUR MANUFACTURER NAME ADRESS TIME DATE PRICE PHONE ICE CREAM EATS BOY Step 3 We are almost complete now. If you look carefully, we now have defined structures for at least three tables like the following: BOYPHONE ADRESS NAME ICE CREAM MANUFACTURER FLAVOUR PRICE EATS TIME DATE However, this is still not a working database, because by definition, database should be â€Å"collection of related tables. † To make them connected, the tables must have some common attributes. If we chose the attribute Name of the Boy table to play the role of the common attribute, then the revised structure of the above tables become something like the following BOY PHONE ADRESS NAME ICE CREAM NAME PRICE FLAVOUR MANUFACTURER NAME TIME DATE EATS This is as complete as it can be.We now have information about the boy, about the ice cream he has eaten and about the date and time when the eating was done. Extended Features of E-R Diagram 1. Specialization †¢An entity set may include sub-groupings of entities that are distinct in some way from other entities in the set. For instance, a subset of entities within an entity set may have attributes that are not shared by all the entities in the entity set. The E-R model provides a means for representing these distinctive entity groupings. †¢ Consider an entity set person, with attributes name, street, and city.A person may be further classified as one of the following: a) cust omer b) employee Each of these person types is described by a set of attributes that includes all the attributes of entity set person plus possibly additional attributes. For example, customer entities may be described further by the attribute customer-id, whereas employee entities may be described further by the attributes employee-id and salary. The process of designating sub-groupings within an entity set is called specialization. The specialization of person allows us to distinguish among persons according to whether they are employees or customers. As another example, suppose the bank wishes to divide accounts into two categories, checking account and savings account. Savings accounts need a minimum balance, but the bank may set interest rates differently for different customers, offering better rates to favored customers. Checking accounts have a fixed interest rate, but offer an overdraft facility; the overdraft-amount on a checking account must be recorded. * In terms of an E-R diagram, specialization is depicted by a triangle component labeled ISA, as Figure shows. The label ISA stands for â€Å"is a† and represents, for example, that a customer â€Å"is a† person.The ISA relationship may also be referred to as a superclass-subclass relationship. Higher- and lower-level entity sets are depicted as regular entity sets i. e. , as rectangles containing the name of the entity set. ISA 2. Generalization * The refinement from an initial entity set into successive levels of entity subgroupings represents a top-down design process in which distinctions are made explicit. The design process may also proceed in a bottom-up manner, in which multiple entity sets are synthesized into a higher-level entity set on the basis of common features.The database designer may have first identified a customer entity set with the attributes name, street, city, and customer-id, and an employee entity set with the attributes name, street, city, employee-id, and sa lary. * There are similarities between the customer entity set and the employee entity set in the sense that they have several attributes in common. This commonality can be expressed by generalization, which is a containment relationship that exists between a higher-level entity set and one or more lower-level entity sets.In our example, person is the higher-level entity set and customer and employee are lower-level entity sets. Higher- and lower-level entity sets also may be designated by the terms superclass and subclass, respectively. The person entity set is the superclass of the customer and employee subclasses. * Specialization stems from a single entity set; it emphasizes differences among entities within the set by creating distinct lower-level entity sets. These lower-level entity sets may have attributes, or may participate in relationships, that do not apply to all the entities in the higher-level entity set.Indeed, the reason a designer applies specialization is to repre sent such distinctive features. If customer and employee neither have attributes that person entities do not have nor participate in different relationships than those in which person entities participate, there would be no need to specialize the person entity set. * Generalization proceeds from the recognition that a number of entity sets share some common features (namely, they are described by the same attributes and participate in the same relationship sets).On the basis of their commonalities, generalization synthesizes these entity sets into a single, higher-level entity set. Generalization is used to emphasize the similarities among lower-level entity sets and to hide the differences; it also permits an economy of representation in that shared attributes are not repeated. Difference between Specialization and Generalization No. | Specialization| Generalization| 1| It is a Top Down approach. | It is a Bottom Up approach. | 2| Specialization stems from a single entityset; it em phasizes differences among entities within the set by creating distinct lower-level entity sets. Generalization proceeds from therecognition that a number of entity sets share some common features (namely, they are described by the same attributes and participate in the same relationship sets). | 3| The process of designating sub-groupingswithin an entity set is calledspecialization. | The process of designating groupingsfrom various entity sets is calledgeneralization. | 4| Specialization is a result of taking a subsetof higher level entity set to form a lower- level entity set. | Generalization is a result of taking theunion of two or more disjoint (lower- level) entity sets to produce a higher- level entity set. | .